Solar Powered Skin?

By Mayze T.

Think about the robots of the future. Your mind might conjure images of futuristic robot maids, robotic cars, and other such fanciful items. These developments may seem like something out of a science fiction novel, set in the distant future. However, scientists are working on a variety of uses for robots that, although they seem fantastic, could become a reality very soon.

            One of these incredible inventions came, very recently, from a researcher at Stanford by the name of Zhenan Bao. He has developed a substance that could take the place of skin for people who have prosthetic limbs. Not only is this robotic skin flexible, but it is touch sensitive and even solar powered. This would allow people with prosthetics to actually feel when people high-five them or brush against their arm.

            This skin is made of a combination of elastic and rubber, molded in the form of very tiny triangles, which are not visible on the surface of the skin. The skins with the highest level of sensitivity can even tell when a fly lands on the arm. The purpose of the solar cells is to allow the skin to be stretched to cover the joints, and to bend with the limbs themselves. This is a remarkable progression in the field of robotics, and could have myriad benefits in the years to come.

Sally: Grandma's Hairless Cat

By Matt P.

You may or may not have a cat as a pet, but you have most likely seen one. While you were at your grandma's house observing her hairless cat, did you take the time to look at the magic of how he or she drinks? A recent paper has gone into detail of the wonderful complexity of just exactly how cats go about drinking. After reading those first sentences, you may be wondering what I could possibly be talking about. In your mind, you've most likely thought that cats drink in a simple manner. They form a ladle with their tongue and scoop the liquid into their mouth. Wrong. The method I just described is used by dogs, but cats employ a completely different method. Cats, being the intelligent creatures they are, take advantage of the liquid's inertia. Inertia is the laziness of an object, in simple terms. Inertia is the unwillingness of an object to change unless it is manipulated by another force. In this case, we will make the liquid milk and the manipulator gravity. As your grandma's hairless cat stealthily approaches the milk filled bowl (while wearing kitten mittens), he prepares to take full advantage of the inertia of the milk. Your grandma's cat, henceforth known as Sally, dips her tongue, which is the same color as her fur (or lack thereof), into the milk. Almost as quickly as the tongue enters the milk, she pulls it, yanking the milk up into the air. For a split second, the inertia of the milk suspends it in the air, and in this moment, Sally surrounds the milk with her mouth and swallows it. After that split second of suspension, gravity, the manipulator, kicks in, snapping the milk back down into the bowl. Still thirsty, Sally repeats the complex and intricate process again until her thirst is quenched.

The intricacy of this seemingly simple process was discovered by a team of scientists led by Pedro Reis. The team went about observing this by using high speed cameras, as cats dip their tongues down into the liquid an astounding three and a half times per second. Even more astoundingly, when the tongue shoots back into the mouth, it moves at a speed of seventy-eight centimeters per second. When Reis first began the experiment, he and his team figured that the roughness of the cat's tongue would play a role; a prediction that was drastically wrong. In actuality, the tip of the tongue that penetrates the surface of the liquid is smooth, and the smoothness is actually very good for lapping up the milk or water. Throughout the research, Reis and his team found that the viscosity of the liquid, and least between the bounds of what a cat would logically drink, did not affect the process. Rather, the determining factors were the inertia and gravitational pull. One may think that this is an odd thing to research or that somebody must have done it before, but as Rebecca Z. German of Johns Hopkins School of Medicine says, "What we know about mammalian feeding is woefully incomplete."

Here are some videos, one of a cat lapping up milk in slo-mo, and the other of a simulator demonstrating the inertia of water.


FAST LAPS from Science News on Vimeo.


TONGUE SUBSTITUTE from Science News on Vimeo.

So now you know, and next time you see your grandma's hairless feline lapping up some milk, you can explain to all your friends what Sally is really doing.

Source:

http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/65379/title/Cats_drink_using_lap-and-gulp_trick
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-481062/Puss-Hood-Hairless-Sphynx-cat-keeps-warm.html

What is String Theory?

By Ryan L.


What does String Theory mean? Is it some sort of complicated system that requires heavy math? Will it create a black hole and destroy us all? Is it a ball of yarn controlling the universe? Well, it does require some math but as far as the basics are concerned, it is fairly simple. On a guitar, the musical note that is produced by plucking a string varies by how the string is plucked and how much tension is in the string. Similarly, the subatomic particles observed in particle accelerators can be thought of as “excitation modes” of the elementary strings. In string theory, like a guitar, the string must be very tight to become excited. Elementary strings are floating in spacetime, but they are tightened by forces that require lots of math, so I won’t go into details. If string theory is to be quantum gravity, the strings’ length should be around a millionth of a billionth of a billionth of a billionth of a centimeter. This means that such strings cannot, unfortunately, be seen with today’s technology. There are many different kinds of string theory; each one has a different theory of the strings’ shape. Some theories say that the strings are closed loops, others say they float free; some include elemental fermions, subatomic particles smaller than a proton, neutron, or electron. There are 24 different kinds of elemental fermions. There are six quarks, six anti-quarks, six leptons, and six anti-leptons. In order for string theories to include fermions, there needs to be super-symmetry, which means that for every particle that transmits force (a boson), there has to be a fermion (a particle that makes up matter). Currently, super-symmetric particles have not been seen in particle accelerators because they are too large, but in the next ten years, evidence may be found that would make string theory much more realistic.